- Introduction
Types of Data & Measurement Scales
- Types of Data – Qualitative vs. Quantitative 📊
- Measurement Scales – Nominal, Ordinal, Interval & Ratio 📏
- Discrete vs. Continuous Variables 🔢
Descriptive Statistics
- Measures of Central Tendency – Mean, Median, Mode ➗
- Measures of Dispersion – Range, Variance, Standard Deviation, Interquartile Range 📐
- Percentiles & Quartiles 📈
- Normal Distribution and Its Properties 🔔
Probability & Distributions
- Normal, Binomial, and Poisson Distributions 📊 🎯
- Z-scores and the Standard Normal Curve 📏
- Central Limit Theorem (CLT) 🔍
Sampling & Study Design
- Types of Sampling 🎯
- Sample Size Calculation Basics 🔢
- Types of Studies – Cohort, Case-control, RCT, Cross-sectional 🧪
Hypothesis Testing
- Null and Alternative Hypotheses 🧪
- Type I & Type II Errors (α and β) ⚖️
- p-value and Significance Level (α) 📊
- Confidence Intervals (CI) – Interpretation 📏
Common Statistical Tests & When to Use Them
- Parametric Tests – t-test (Paired & Unpaired) and ANOVA 📊
- Non-Parametric Tests – Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank 📊
- Correlation (Pearson & Spearman) 🔗
- Regression (Linear & Logistic) 📉➡️📊
Measures of Association & Risk
- Relative Risk (RR) & Odds Ratio (OR) 📊
- Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) & Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) 📉
- Number Needed to Treat (NNT) 💊
Diagnostic Test Evaluation
- Accuracy, Reliability, Validity 🎯📏
- Sensitivity & Specificity 🧪
- Positive Predictive Value (PPV) & Negative Predictive Value (NPV) 🔍
- Likelihood Ratios (LR⁺ and LR⁻) 📈📉
- ROC Curves & AUC Interpretation 📈
Survival Analysis
- Kaplan–Meier Curves ⏳📈
- Hazard Ratios (HR) ⚡⏳
- Log-rank Test (Basic Understanding) 📊⏳ 🎯
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Concepts
- Levels of Evidence 📑🔍
- Forest Plots & Funnel Plots (Meta-analysis Basics) 🌲⚖️🔍
- Heterogeneity (I² Statistic) 🔄📊
Basic Concepts & Definitions
- Health, Disease, Epidemic, Endemic, Pandemic 🌍🧬
- Incubation Period, Latent Period, Serial Interval 🦠⏱️
- Natural History of Disease (Preclinical, Clinical, Subclinical) 🧬📈
- Spectrum of Disease 🌡️📉📈
Measures of Disease Frequency
- Incidence (Cumulative Incidence, Incidence Density) 📊⏱️
- Prevalence (Point & Period) 📊👥
- Attack Rate & Secondary Attack Rate ⚡🦠
- Mortality Measures (Crude, Specific, Case Fatality Rate) ⚰️📊
- DALY & QALY (Burden of Disease) 🌍⚖️
- Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) ⏳⚰️
Measures of Association & Effect
- Relative Risk (RR) ⚖️📊
- Odds Ratio (OR) 🎲📊
- Attributable Risk (AR) & Attributable Risk Percent (AR%) ➗⚕️
- Population Attributable Risk (PAR) 🌍⚕️
- Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) & Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) 📉💊
- Number Needed to Treat (NNT) 💊👥
Study Designs
- Descriptive Studies – Case Report, Case Series, Cross-sectional 📑🔍
- Analytical Studies – Case-control & Cohort 🔬📊
- Experimental Studies – RCTs, Field Trials, Community Trials 🧪👥🏥
- Ecological Studies 🌍📊
Bias & Confounding
- Types of Bias – Selection Bias & Information Bias 🧠⚖️
- Confounding (Definition & Control Methods) 🔀🧩
- Effect Modification (Interaction) 🔄⚖️
Causation & Association
- Hill’s Criteria for Causation 🔗🧠
- Necessary vs. Sufficient Cause 🧩🧠
- Web of Causation 🕸️🧩
Epidemic Investigation & Surveillance
- Steps in Outbreak Investigation 🦠🔍
- Epidemic Curves (Common Source vs Propagated) 📈🦠
- Surveillance Types – Passive, Active, Sentinel 👁️‍🗨️📊
- Screening vs Surveillance 🔬👁️‍🗨️
Epidemiologic Transition & Public Health
- Stages of Epidemiologic Transition 🌍📈
- Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 🌍⚖️
- Herd Immunity & Basic Reproductive Number (R₀) 💉🧮
Critical Appraisal & EBM
- Levels of Evidence 📚⚖️
- Forest Plots & Funnel Plots (Meta-analysis Basics) 🌲📊🔺
- Systematic Review & Meta-analysis (Basics) 📚➕📊

Causation & Association

Necessary vs. Sufficient Cause 🧩🧠

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